|
The Pontianak incident were two massacres which took place in Kalimantan during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies. One of them is also known as the Mandor Affair. The victims were from a wide variety of ethnic groups and devastated the Malay elite of Kalimantan, with all the Malay Sultans of Kalimantan executed by the Japanese. == The massacres == In the 1943-1944 Pontianak incident, the Japanese orchestrated a mass arrest of Malay elites, Arabs, Chinese, Javanese, Menadonese, Dayaks, Bugis, Bataks, Minangkabau, Dutch, Indians, and Eurasians in Kalimantan, including all of the Malay Sultans, accused them of plotting to overthrow Japanese rule, and then massacred them.〔(Heidhues 2003 ), p. 204.〕〔(Ooi 2013 ), p. 42.〕 The Japanese falsely claimed that all of those ethnic groups, and organisations such as the Islamic Pemuda Muhammadijah, were involved in a plot to overthrow the Japanese and create a "People's Republic of West Borneo" (Negara Rakyat Borneo Barat).〔(Heidhues 2003 ), p. 205.〕 The Japanese claimed that- "Sultans, Chinese, Indonesian government officials, Indians and Arabs, who had been antagonistic to each other, joined together to massacre Japanese.", naming the Sultan of the Pontianak Sultanate as one of the "ringleaders" in the planned rebellion.〔(ed. Kratoska 2013 ), p. 160.〕 Up to 25 aristocrats, relatives of the Sultan of Pontianak, and many other prominent individuals were named as participants in the plot by the Japanese and then executed at Mandor.〔(Davidson 2002 ), p. 79.〕〔(Davidson 2003 ), p. 9.〕 The Sultans of Pontianak, Sambas, Ketapang, Soekadana, Simbang, Koeboe, Ngabang, Sanggau, Sekadau, Tajan, Singtan, and Mempawa were all executed by the Japanese, respectively, their names were Sjarif Mohamed Alkadri, Mohamad Ibrahim Tsafidedin, Goesti Saoenan, Tengkoe Idris, Goesti Mesir, Sjarif Saleh, Goesti Abdoel Hamid, Ade Mohamad Arif, Goesti Mohamad Kelip, Goesti Djapar, Raden Abdul Bahri Danoe Perdana, and Mohammed Ahoufiek.〔(ed. Kratoska 2002 ), pp. 167-168.〕 They are known as the "12 Dokoh".〔(Ooi 2013. )〕 In Java, the Japanese jailed Syarif Abdul Hamid Alqadrie, the son of Sultan Syarif Mohamad Alkadrie (Sjarif Mohamed Alkadri).〔(Ooi 2013 ), p. 176.〕 Since he was in Java during the executions Hamid II was the only male in his family not killed, while the Japanese beheaded all 28 other male relatives of Pontianak Sultan Mohammed Alkadri.〔(Zweers 2011 ), p. 6.〕 Among the 29 people of the Sultan of Pontianak's family who were beheaded by the Japanese was the heir to the Pontianak throne.〔(Vries 2010. )〕 Later in 1944, the Dayaks assassinated a Japanese named Nakatani, who was involved in the incident and who was known for his cruelty. Sultan of Pontianak Mohamed Alkadri's fourth son, Pengeran Agoen (Pangeran Agung), and another son, Pengeran Adipati (Pangeran Adipati), were both killed by the Japanese in the incident.〔(ed. Kratoska 2013 ), p. 168.〕 The Japanese had beheaded both Pangeran Adipati and Pangeran Agung,〔(Heidhues 2003, ) (p. 207. )〕 in a public execution.〔(Felton 2007 ), p. 86.〕 The Japanese extermination of the Malay elite of Pontianak paved the way for a new Dayak elite to arise in its place.〔(Davidson 2009 ), p. 37.〕 According to Mary F. Somers Heidhues, during May and June 1945, some Japanese were killed in a rebellion by the Dayaks in Sanggau.〔(Heidhues 2003 ), p. 206.〕 According to Jamie S. Davidson, this rebellion, during which many Dayaks and Japanese were killed, occurred from April through August 1945, and was called the "Majang Desa War".〔(Davidson 2003 ), p. 8.〕 The Pontianak Incidents, or Affairs, are divided into two Pontianak incidents by scholars, variously categorised according to mass killings and arrests, which occurred in several stages on different dates. The Pontianak incident negatively impacted the Chinese community in Kalimantan.〔(ed. Kratoska 2013 ), p. 165.〕〔(Hui 2011 ), p. 42.〕〔(Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Netherlands). Afdeling Documentatie Modern Indonesie 2001 ), p. 41.〕〔(Baldacchino 2013 ), p. 75.〕〔(Sai & Hoon 2013 ), p. 119.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pontianak incident」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|